Based on the Karma thin interface continuous phase-field model

tilted dendrite growth patterns of Ti-4.5 Al alloy during directional solidification was simulated by the freezing temperature approximation

and the three-dimensional dendrite growth morphologies at tilt angles of 0°

15°

20°

30° and 45° were observed. The results indicate that the asymmetry of the dendrites is enhanced

and the morphologies of the secondary and tertiary dendrites become coarse with the tilt angle increase. In addition

the higher the temperature gradient is

the greater the solidification driving force is

where the secondary and tertiary dendrites are more and coarser

and small protrusions that grow along the direction of the temperature gradient are generated at the tip of the tertiary dendrite. The tip position of the tilted dendrite is lower than the normal one along the tilted X-axis direction

thus the tilted dendrite is easier to be eliminated from growing competition together with normal ones

which is consistent with the results observed in the experiment.